How solar and wind became cheap is a formidable success story. Whether this success can be emulated in other areas of green energy innovation critical for achieving net-zero emission targets is a different question.

During the last two decades, massive innovations changed how energy is generated and used. But many technical challenges remain to scale-up renewables, electrify transportation and decarbonize heavy industry.

Achieving this will place unprecedented pressure on the electrical grid to deliver prodigious amounts of clean energy. To cope with these pressures, further R&D efforts must emphasize technologies to complement renewable energy.